well sometimes binary are found in /usr/local/squid/sbin or sometimes /usr/local/squid/bin
If you are unable to find the binaries then you may have to reinstall, since you were successful to initialize the drectories then it is there , may be you are unable to locate,
And about nothing in cache.log .. check our the permission, check if that file is writable by the user under which squid is runing.