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HDPARM(
HDPARM(
NAME
hdparm - get/set hard disk parameters
SYNOPSIS
hdparm [ flags ] [device] ..
DESCRIPTION
hdparm provides a command line interface to various hard disk ioctls supported by the stock Linux ATA/IDE device driver sub-
system. Some options may work correctly only with the latest kernels. For best results, compile hdparm with the include
files from the latest kernel source code.
OPTIONS
When no flags are given, -acdgkmnru is assumed.
-a Get/set sector count for filesystem read-ahead. This is used to improve performance in sequential reads of large
files, by prefetching additional blocks in anticipation of them being needed by the running task. In the current ker-
nel version (2.0.10) this has a default setting of 8 sectors (4KB). This value seems good for most purposes, but in a
system where most file accesses are random seeks, a smaller setting might provide better performance. Also, many IDE
drives also have a separate built-in read-ahead function, which alleviates the need for a filesystem read-ahead in many
situations.
-A Disable/enable the IDE drive's read-lookahead feature (usually ON by default).
-b Get/set bus state.
-B Set Advanced Power Management feature, if the drive supports it. A low value means aggressive power management and a
high value means better performance. A value of 255 will disable apm on the drive.
-c Query/enable (E)IDE 32-bit I/O support. A numeric parameter can be used to enable/disable 32-bit I/O support: Cur-
rently supported values include 0 to disable 32-bit I/O support, 1 to enable 32-bit data transfers, and 3 to enable
32-bit data transfers with a special sync sequence required by many chipsets. The value 3 works with nearly all 32-bit
IDE chipsets, but incurs slightly more overhead. Note that "32-bit" refers to data transfers across a PCI or VLB bus
to the interface card only; all (E)IDE drives still have only a 16-bit connection over the ribbon cable from the inter-
face card.
-C Check the current IDE power mode status, which will always be one of unknown (drive does not support this command),
active/idle (normal operation), standby (low power mode, drive has spun down), or sleeping (lowest power mode, drive is
completely shut down). The -S, -y, -Y, and -Z flags can be used to manipulate the IDE power modes.
-d Disable/enable the "using_dma" flag for this drive. This option now works with most combinations of drives and PCI
interfaces which support DMA and which are known to the IDE driver. It is also a good idea to use the appropriate -X
option in combination with -d1 to ensure that the drive itself is programmed for the correct DMA mode, although most
BIOSs should do this for you at boot time. Using DMA nearly always gives the best performance, with fast I/O through-
put and low CPU usage. But there are at least a few configurations of chipsets and drives for which DMA does not make
much of a difference, or may even slow things down (on really messed up hardware!). Your mileage may vary.
-D Enable/disable the on-drive defect management feature, whereby the drive firmware tries to automatically manage defec-
tive sectors by relocating them to "spare" sectors reserved by the factory for such.
-E Set cdrom speed. This is NOT necessary for regular operation, as the drive will automatically switch speeds on its
own. But if you want to play with it, just supply a speed number after the option, usually a number like 2 or 4.
-f Sync and flush the buffer cache for the device on exit. This operation is also performed as part of the -t and -T tim-
ings.
-g Display the drive geometry (cylinders, heads, sectors), the size (in sectors) of the device, and the starting offset
(in sectors) of the device from the beginning of the drive.
-h Display terse usage information (help).
-i Display the identification info that was obtained from the drive at boot time, if available. This is a feature of mod-
ern IDE drives, and may not be supported by older devices. The data returned may or may not be current, depending on
activity since booting the system. However, the current multiple sector mode count is always shown. For a more
detailed interpretation of the identification info, refer to AT Attachment Interface for Disk Drives (ANSI ASC X3T9.2
working draft, revision 4a, April 19/93).
-I Request identification info directly from the drive, which is displayed in a new expanded format with considerably more
detail than with the older -i flag. There is a special "no seatbelts" variation on this option, -Istdin which cannot
be combined with any other options, and which accepts a drive identification block as standard input instead of using a
/dev/hd* parameter. The format of this block must be exactly the same as that found in the /proc/ide/*/hd*/identify
"files". This variation is designed for use with "libraries" of drive identification information, and can also be used
on ATAPI drives which may give media errors with the standard mechanism.
-k Get/set the keep_settings_over_reset flag for the drive. When this flag is set, the driver will preserve the -dmu
options over a soft reset, (as done during the error recovery sequence). This flag defaults to off, to prevent drive
reset loops which could be caused by combinations of -dmu settings. The -k flag should therefore only be set after one
has achieved confidence in correct system operation with a chosen set of configuration settings. In practice, all that
is typically necessary to test a configuration (prior to using -k) is to verify that the drive can be read/written, and
that no error logs (kernel messages) are generated in the process (look in /var/adm/messages on most systems).
-K Set the drive's keep_features_over_reset flag. Setting this enables the drive to retain the settings for -APSWXZ over
a soft reset (as done during the error recovery sequence). Not all drives support this feature.
-L Set the drive's doorlock flag. Setting this to 1 will lock the door mechanism of some removeable hard drives (eg.
Syquest, ZIP, Jazz..), and setting it to 0 will unlock the door mechanism. Normally, Linux maintains the door locking
mechanism automatically, depending on drive usage (locked whenever a filesystem is mounted). But on system shutdown,
this can be a nuisance if the root partition is on a removeable disk, since the root partition is left mounted (read-
only) after shutdown. So, by using this command to unlock the door after the root filesystem is remounted read-only,
one can then remove the cartridge from the drive after shutdown.
-m Get/set sector count for multiple sector I/O on the drive. A setting of 0 disables this feature. Multiple sector mode
(aka IDE Block Mode), is a feature of most modern IDE hard drives, permitting the transfer of multiple sectors per I/O
interrupt, rather than the usual one sector per interrupt. When this feature is enabled, it typically reduces operat-
ing system overhead for disk I/O by 30-50%. On many systems, it also provides increased data throughput of anywhere
from 5% to 50%. Some drives, however (most notably the WD Caviar series), seem to run slower with multiple mode
enabled. Your mileage may vary. Most drives support the minimum settings of 2, 4, 8, or 16 (sectors). Larger set-
tings may also be possible, depending on the drive. A setting of 16 or 32 seems optimal on many systems. Western Dig-
ital recommends lower settings of 4 to 8 on many of their drives, due tiny (32kB) drive buffers and non-optimized
buffering algorithms. The -i flag can be used to find the maximum setting supported by an installed drive (look for
MaxMultSect in the output). Some drives claim to support multiple mode, but lose data at some settings. Under rare
circumstances, such failures can result in massive filesystem corruption.
-M Get/set Automatic Acoustic Management (AAM) setting. Most modern harddisk drives have the ability to speed down the
head movements to reduce their noise output. The possible values are between 0 and 254. 128 is the most quiet (and
therefore slowest) setting and 254 the fastest (and loudest). Some drives have ownly two levels (quiet / fast), while
others may have different levels between 128 and 254. THIS FEATURE IS EXPERIMENTAL AND NOT WELL TESTED. USE AT YOUR
OWN RISK.
-n Get or set the "ignore write errors" flag in the driver. Do NOT play with this without grokking the driver source code
first.
-p Attempt to reprogram the IDE interface chipset for the specified PIO mode, or attempt to auto-tune for the "best" PIO
mode supported by the drive. This feature is supported in the kernel for only a few "known" chipsets, and even then
the support is iffy at best. Some IDE chipsets are unable to alter the PIO mode for a single drive, in which case this
flag may cause the PIO mode for both drives to be set. Many IDE chipsets support either fewer or more than the stan-
dard six (0 to 5) PIO modes, so the exact speed setting that is actually implemented will vary by chipset/driver
sophistication. Use with extreme caution! This feature includes zero protection for the unwary, and an unsuccessful
outcome may result in severe filesystem corruption!
-P Set the maximum sector count for the drive's internal prefetch mechanism. Not all drives support this feature.
-q Handle the next flag quietly, supressing normal output. This is useful for reducing screen clutter when running from
/etc/rc.c/rc.local. Not applicable to the -i or -v or -t or -T flags.
-Q Set tagged queue depth (1 or greater), or turn tagged queuing off (0). This only works with the newer 2.5.xx (or
later) kernels, and only with the few drives that currently support it.
-r Get/set read-only flag for device. When set, write operations are not permitted on the device.
-R Register an IDE interface. Dangerous. See the -U option for more information.
-S Set the standby (spindown) timeout for the drive. This value is used by the drive to determine how long to wait (with
no disk activity) before turning off the spindle motor to save power. Under such circumstances, the drive may take as
long as 30 seconds to respond to a subsequent disk access, though most drives are much quicker. The encoding of the
timeout value is somewhat peculiar. A value of zero means "off". Values from 1 to 240 specify multiples of 5 seconds,
for timeouts from 5 seconds to 20 minutes. Values from 241 to 251 specify from 1 to 11 units of 30 minutes, for time-
outs from 30 minutes to 5.5 hours. A value of 252 signifies a timeout of 21 minutes, 253 sets a vendor-defined time-
out, and 255 is interpreted as 21 minutes plus 15 seconds.
-T Perform timings of cache reads for benchmark and comparison purposes. For meaningful results, this operation should be
repeated 2-3 times on an otherwise inactive system (no other active processes) with at least a couple of megabytes of
free memory. This displays the speed of reading directly from the Linux buffer cache without disk access. This mea-
surement is essentially an indication of the throughput of the processor, cache, and memory of the system under test.
If the -t flag is also specified, then a correction factor based on the outcome of -T will be incorporated into the
result reported for the -t operation.
-t Perform timings of device reads for benchmark and comparison purposes. For meaningful results, this operation should
be repeated 2-3 times on an otherwise inactive system (no other active processes) with at least a couple of megabytes
of free memory. This displays the speed of reading through the buffer cache to the disk without any prior caching of
data. This measurement is an indication of how fast the drive can sustain sequential data reads under Linux, without
any filesystem overhead. To ensure accurate measurments, the buffer cache is flushed during the processing of -t using
the BLKFLSBUF ioctl. If the -T flag is also specified, then a correction factor based on the outcome of -T will be
incorporated into the result reported for the -t operation.
-u Get/set interrupt-unmask flag for the drive. A setting of 1 permits the driver to unmask other interrupts during pro-
cessing of a disk interrupt, which greatly improves Linux's responsiveness and eliminates "serial port overrun" errors.
Use this feature with caution: some drive/controller combinations do not tolerate the increased I/O latencies possible
when this feature is enabled, resulting in massive filesystem corruption. In particular, CMD-640B and RZ1000 (E)IDE
interfaces can be unreliable (due to a hardware flaw) when this option is used with kernel versions earlier than
2.0.13. Disabling the IDE prefetch feature of these interfaces (usually a BIOS/CMOS setting) provides a safe fix for
the problem for use with earlier kernels.
-U Un-register an IDE interface. Dangerous. The companion for the -R option. Intended for use with hardware made
specifically for hot-swapping (very rare!). Use with knowledge and extreme caution as this can easily hang or damage
your system. The hdparm source distribution includes a 'contrib' directory with some user-donated scripts for hot-
swapping on the UltraBay of a ThinkPad 600E. Use at your own risk.
-v Display all settings, except -i (same as -acdgkmnru for IDE, -gr for SCSI or -adgr for XT). This is also the default
behaviour when no flags are specified.
-w Perform a device reset (DANGEROUS). Do NOT use this option. It exists for unlikely situations where a reboot might
otherwise be required to get a confused drive back into a useable state.
-W Disable/enable the IDE drive's write-caching feature (default state is undeterminable; manufacturer/model specific).
-x Tristate device for hotswap (DANGEROUS).
-X Set the IDE transfer mode for newer (E)IDE/ATA drives. This is typically used in combination with -d1 when enabling
DMA to/from a drive on a supported interface chipset, where -X mdma2 is used to select multiword DMA mode2 transfers
and -X sdma1 is used to select simple mode 1 DMA transfers. With systems which support UltraDMA burst timings, -X
udma2 is used to select UltraDMA mode2 transfers (you'll need to prepare the chipset for UltraDMA beforehand). Apart
from that, use of this flag is seldom necessary since most/all modern IDE drives default to their fastest PIO transfer
mode at power-on. Fiddling with this can be both needless and risky. On drives which support alternate transfer
modes, -X can be used to switch the mode of the drive only. Prior to changing the transfer mode, the IDE interface
should be jumpered or programmed (see -p flag) for the new mode setting to prevent loss and/or corruption of data. Use
this with extreme caution! For the PIO (Programmed Input/Output) transfer modes used by Linux, this value is simply
the desired PIO mode number plus 8. Thus, a value of 09 sets PIO mode1, 10 enables PIO mode2, and 11 selects PIO
mode3. Setting 00 restores the drive's "default" PIO mode, and 01 disables IORDY. For multiword DMA, the value used
is the desired DMA mode number plus 32. for UltraDMA, the value is the desired UltraDMA mode number plus 64.
-W Disable/enable the IDE drive's write-caching feature (default state is undeterminable; manufacturer/model specific).
-x Tristate device for hotswap (DANGEROUS).
-X Set the IDE transfer mode for newer (E)IDE/ATA drives. This is typically used in combination with -d1 when enabling
DMA to/from a drive on a supported interface chipset, where -X mdma2 is used to select multiword DMA mode2 transfers
and -X sdma1 is used to select simple mode 1 DMA transfers. With systems which support UltraDMA burst timings, -X
udma2 is used to select UltraDMA mode2 transfers (you'll need to prepare the chipset for UltraDMA beforehand). Apart
from that, use of this flag is seldom necessary since most/all modern IDE drives default to their fastest PIO transfer
mode at power-on. Fiddling with this can be both needless and risky. On drives which support alternate transfer
modes, -X can be used to switch the mode of the drive only. Prior to changing the transfer mode, the IDE interface
should be jumpered or programmed (see -p flag) for the new mode setting to prevent loss and/or corruption of data. Use
this with extreme caution! For the PIO (Programmed Input/Output) transfer modes used by Linux, this value is simply
the desired PIO mode number plus 8. Thus, a value of 09 sets PIO mode1, 10 enables PIO mode2, and 11 selects PIO
mode3. Setting 00 restores the drive's "default" PIO mode, and 01 disables IORDY. For multiword DMA, the value used
is the desired DMA mode number plus 32. for UltraDMA, the value is the desired UltraDMA mode number plus 64.
-y Force an IDE drive to immediately enter the low power consumption standby mode, usually causing it to spin down. The
current power mode status can be checked using the -C flag.
-Y Force an IDE drive to immediately enter the lowest power consumption sleep mode, causing it to shut down completely. A
hard or soft reset is required before the drive can be accessed again (the Linux IDE driver will automatically handle
issuing a reset if/when needed). The current power mode status can be checked using the -C flag.
-z Force a kernel re-read of the partition table of the specified device(s).
-Z Disable the automatic power-saving function of certain Seagate drives (ST3xxx models?), to prevent them from
idling/spinning-down at inconvenient times.
BUGS
As noted above, the -m sectcount and -u 1 options should be used with caution at first, preferably on a read-only filesystem.
Most drives work well with these features, but a few drive/controller combinations are not 100% compatible. Filesystem cor-
ruption may result. Backup everything before experimenting!
Some options (eg. -r for SCSI) may not work with old kernels as necessary ioctl()'s were not supported.
Although this utility is intended primarily for use with (E)IDE hard disk devices, several of the options are also valid (and
permitted) for use with SCSI hard disk devices and MFM/RLL hard disks with XT interfaces.
AUTHOR
hdparm has been written by Mark Lord <mlord@pobox.com>, the primary developer and maintainer of the (E)IDE driver for Linux,
with suggestions from many netfolk.
The disable Seagate auto-powersaving code is courtesy of Tomi Leppikangas(tomilepp@paju.oulu.fi).
SEE ALSO
AT Attachment Interface for Disk Drives, ANSI ASC X3T9.2 working draft, revision 4a, April 19, 1993.
AT Attachment Interface with Extensions (ATA-2), ANSI ASC X3T9.2 working draft, revision 2f, July 26, 1994.
AT Attachment with Packet Interface - 5 (ATA/ATAPI-5), T13-1321D working draft, revision 3, February 29, 2000.
AT Attachment with Packet Interface - 6 (ATA/ATAPI-6), T13-1410D working draft, revision 3b, February 26, 2002.
Western Digital Enhanced IDE Implementation Guide, by Western Digital Corporation, revision 5.0, November 10, 1993.
Enhanced Disk Drive Specification, by Phoenix Technologies Ltd., version 1.0, January 25, 1994.
Version 5.4 Feb 2003 HDPARM(
It's a bit long but it works.
Post results of hdparm /dev/hda. I'll help you get those settings. Just do it when you get the time.
Later
